Journal of Nanomedicine - Juniper Publishers
Opinion
From the starting of the human life; the quest is
going on for newer and better alternatives, and in case of drugs it will
continue; continue till we find a drug with maximum efficacy and no
side effects or lesser side effects. Many agents, particularly
chemotherapeutic agents, have limited clinical use and are compromised
by dose limiting toxic effect. Thus, the therapeutic effectiveness of
the existing drugs is enhanced by formulating them in an advantageous
way. In the past few years, considerable attention has been focused on
the development of new drug delivery system (NDDS). The NDDS should
ideally fulfill two conditions. Firstly, it should deliver the drug at a
rate needed by the body, over the period of treatment. Secondly, it
should readily make the availability of active entity at the site of
action. Conventional dosage forms are unable to meet these conditions.
In the current scenario, no available drug delivery system behaves
ideally and perfectly, but concrete steps have been taken to achieve
them through various novel approaches in drug delivery. Approaches are
aimed to achieve this goal, by paying considerable attention either to
control the distribution of drug by incorporating it in a carrier
system, or by changing the structure of the drug at the molecular level,
or to limit the input of the drug into the bio-environment to ensure an
appropriate profile of distribution. Novel drug delivery system is
aimed at providing some control, either temporal or spatial nature, or
both, of drug release in the body. Novel drug delivery attempts to
either sustain drug action at a predetermined and predefined rate, or by
maintaining a relatively constant, effective drug level in the body
with concomitant minimization of undesirable and unintended side
effects. Drug action can also be localized by spatial placement of
controlled release systems adjacent to, or in the diseased tissue or
organ; or target drug action by using carriers or similar chemical
derivative to deliver drug to target cell type.
Various types of pharmaceutical carriers such as
particulate, polymeric, macromolecular, and cellular carrier are
present. Particulate type carrier also termed as a colloidal carrier
system, includes lipid particles (low- and high-density lipoprotein LDL
and HDL, respectively), microspheres, nanoparticles, polymeric micelles
and vesicular like liposomes, niosomes pharmacosomes, virosomes, etc.
The vesicular systems are highly ordered assemblies of one or several
concentric lipid bilayers formed, when certain amphiphilic building
blocks are confronted with water. Vesicles can be formulated from a
diverse range of amphiphilic building blocks. Several drugs particularly
chemotherapeutic agents have narrow therapeutic window. Their use in
clinical practice is limited and compromised by dose limiting toxic
effect. To overcome this, several attempts have been made to achieve all
lofty goals through novel approaches in drug delivery. A number of
novel drug delivery systems have emerged encompassing various routes of
preformulation and administration, to achieve controlled and targeted
drug delivery. Novel drug delivery systems attempt to work either by
controlled release, or by maintaining a relatively constant, effective
drug level in the body with concomitant minimization of unwanted side
effects. It can also localize drug action by spatial placement of
controlled release systems adjacent to, or in the diseased tissue or
organ; or target drug action by using carriers or chemical
derivatization to deliver drug to particular target cell type. An ideal
controlled drug-delivery system should possess two features: the ability
to reach its therapeutic target and the ability to release the active
pharmaceutical ingredient in a controlled manner.
To obtain this objective, approaches are being
evaluated and implemented by paying considerable thought to control the
distribution of drug by incorporating it in a carrier system or by
altering the structure of the drug at the molecular level, or to control
the entry of drug into the bioenvironment to ensure an appropriate
profile of distribution and delivery. The various pharmaceutical
carriers are polymeric, particulate, macromolecular and cellular
carrier. Particulate type carrier also termed as a colloidal carrier
system; it includes lipid particles (low- and high-density
lipoprotein-LDL and HDL, respectively), nanoparticles, microspheres,
polymeric micelles and vesicular like liposomes, niosomes,
pharmacosomes, virosomes, etc.
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