Compatibilization Potential of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants for Polymer Blends- Open access Journals- Juniper Publishers

Juniper publishers- Academic Journal of Polymer Science

Authored by Ahmad AdlieShamsuri

The development of the polymer composites industry has been very encouraging in the past years. The polymer blends have also been received considerable attention, this is due to the blends are easy to prepare, their production cost is low, and so on. At the present time, bioplastics such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate and polybutylene succinate are gaining consideration due to their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. Blend between bioplastics and biopolymers (for example; cellulose, zein and starch) to produce bioplastic/biopolymer blends have attracted the researchers’ interest. Besides, the produced bioplastic/biopolymer blends may also be able to be used in fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable products. Moreover, the utilization of expensive synthetic bioplastics can be reduced through consumption of biopolymers this can further lower the cost of products [1,2].

Nevertheless, the blend approach suffers from low physicochemical properties due to incompatibility in the blends system. The compatibility between the bioplastic and biopolymer is very low, thus results in reductions of their performance, particularly in the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties. The incompatibility is due to the bioplastic which wholly non-polar (hydrophobic) [3], while the biopolymer is naturally polar (hydrophilic) [4], and therefore the importance of compatibilization on the blends could not be ignored.

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A Review on Plastic Behavior of Polymer Sheets and Forming Process- Open access journals- Juniper Publishers

Juniper publishers- Academic Journal of Polymer Science

Authored by Eun Ho Lee

A Review on Plastic Behavior of Polymer Sheets and Forming Process

This paper presents a mini review about plastic behaviour of polymer sheets. The fundamental of plasticity and concept of constitutive modeling are introduced. As an application of the plastic behaviour, studies on forming process of polymer sheets are presents. Finally, the future woks are also discussed in the conclusion section.

Polymer is one of widely used material due to the great availability and low cost. For mass production, moulding and extrusion technologies have been widely employed for polymer processing in industries [1]. Recently, automotive industries are trying to reduce the weight of the vehicles for improving the fuel efficiency [2]. For the reason, they have an interest in polymer materials, and many researchers have studied mechanical behavior of polymer materials. Figure 1(a) shows an example of 1-dimensional tensile test which is the most widely used material testingmethods to obtain the material’s behavior. When a material is getting deformed, the material has aproportional relation between stress and strain within a range of strain and this proportional relation iscalled elastic modulus. This strain rage is called elastic range and the stress is called yield stress. In theelastic range, the deformed material can recover the original shape, as shown in the path A. However, if thestrain level is over the elastic limit, a permanent deformation remains on the material even though thematerial slightly recovers the strain [3,4]. This recovered strain is called elastic strain, and the permanentdeformation is called plastic strain, as shown in path B of Figure 1(a). Figure 1(b) shows general behaviors ofpolymer materials. The elastic behavior is almost the same for all the materials. However, right after theelastic limit, rigid plastic easily leads to a material failure while other materials have more margin to bedeformed. For the reason, rigid plastic material does not show plastic behavior. This break point determinesthe elongation, the ration between the deformed length and the original length until the break point. Table 1 shows a summary of the mechanical property of polymer materials [5].

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Photodynamic Therapy Overcoming the Hypoxia Microenvironment in Tumor Tissues- Open access Journals- Juniper Publishers

Juniper publishers- Academic Journal of Polymer Science

Authored by Zheng Ruan

Photodynamic Therapy Overcoming the Hypoxia Microenvironment in Tumor Tissues

hotodynamic therapy (PDT) has been broadly exploited as an substitute therapeutic for cancer treatment since it was first allowed for the treatment of bladder cancer in 1993 [1]. It depends on the ability of photo sensitizers (PS) to transfer energy from light irradiation to tumor-dissolved oxygen (O₂) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for killing cells [2,3]. In the presence of molecular oxygen (O₂), PS photo activation results in the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like singlet oxygen (O₂) and damage to tumor tissues. Compared with other traditional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, PDT is invasive and negligibly toxic [4]. Since treatment occurs only where light is delivered, it avoids systematic treatment. Moreover, PDT can cause an inflammation immune response and enlargement of anti-tumor immune surveillance. These primary and secondary reaction mechanisms provide great inspiration for developing PDT for cancer treatment [5].

First of all, the high efficiency of the PDT agent itself should be emphasized. The photo sensitizer with higher singlet oxygen quantum yield could yield more ROS after the same irradiation condition. Many dyes obtained from natural or synthetic sources with high intersystem’s crossing (ISC) which have been used for singlet oxygen reactions. The heavy atom effect has been a valuable chemical approach to increase ISC in several molecules including BODIPY chromophores [6]. Regarding of that, we have designed and synthesized a kind of boron-dipyrromethene derivative with bromine substituted (BDP-Br) which has shown excellent ability of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation for PDT. Then, a simply PE Gylated BDP-Br (PEG-BDP) as some kind of macro photo sensitizer was prepared which has shown superior cellular uptake ability and high efficiency of imaging and curing to PDT therapy in vitro and in vivo [7].

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