International Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Sciences
Abstract
Introduction: Adequate aerobic capacity and
muscle strength are essential elements to perform the activities that
are required from professional soldiers & officers to optimize their
peak performance & maintain physically demanding tasks. The newly
recruited police officers will be subjected to 6_8 week's confinement in
which they will have a training program including exercise &
initial police training. The objective of this study was to assess the
respiratory muscle power, blood pressure and hemoglobin during this
period.
Method: This was a cross sectional study
conducted during the period from July to September 2017 in Soba, faculty
of police science and law, Khartoum, Sudan. Eighty-one policemen
trainee were randomly selected, aged between 20 and 30 years underwent
evaluation before & after the confinement period (40 days). Maximal
respiratory pressure (MEP and MIP) was measured using respiratory
pressure meter for respiratory muscle power. Hemoglobin, pulse &
blood pressure was also measured.
Results: The mean values of MEP & MIP were
significantly higher after the end of the confinement period
(P>0.05). Also there was significant change in the mean of hemoglobin
before & after the confinement period (p= 0.03). There was no
change in pulse & blood pressures.
Conclusion: Police training confinement improves respiratory muscle power & hemoglobin level.
Keywords: Police training; Respiratory muscle power; Hb level in police training
Introduction
Exercise is a stressful situation that produces
marked changes in body functions including the respiratory system. The
physical inactivity is directly related to morbidity and mortality from
many diseases [1]. Therefore, physical training is one of the major bases for good health and wellbeing and currently globally recommended [2].
During exercise the body's demand for oxygen increases as the breathing
must also rise. This requires numerous muscles surrounding the lungs to
contract in a highly coordinated manner. As the intensity of exercise
increases, the respiratory muscles contract more forcefully and quickly
to keep pace with the increase in oxygen demand. Training of the
respiratory muscles increases their strength and improves lung function
and was found to reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in
cervical spinal cord injury and improves breathing pattern in patients
with COPD [3,4].
Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal
expiratory pressure (MEP) are useful indices for assessment of
respiratory muscles performance in adults as well as in children [5].
Several cross-sectional and cohort studies have shown significant
improvement of lung function as a result of exercise in both children
and adolescents [6-9].
However, measurement of respiratory muscles strength has not been
widely investigated in relation to physical training. In this context,
the present study aimed at assessing pulmonary function as well as
respiratory muscles strength among policewomen trainees compared to
healthy untrained sedentary group of medical students.
The common physiological changes that alter the body
during exercise are the cardiopulmonary changes; mainly they include
increase in pulmonary ventilation (breathing) which directly
proportionate to the intensity & metabolic needs of exercise.
Breathing may increase from typical resting rate of 15 breaths per min
up to 40-50 breath per minute. As the intensity of exercise continue to
increase a person reaches a maximum point above which oxygen consumption
will not increase any more. This point is known as VO2 MAX and can be
improved by long term endurance by increasing aerobic enzyme activity
& improving glycogen stores in muscle.
A previous study was done by Awad et al. [10]
2012 on the effect of police training on some cardiopulmonary &
hematological parameters in Khartoum state, Sudan. The aim of their
study was to investigate the effect of training of male police officers
on the spirometeric lung function test parameters, respiratory muscle
power, blood pressure, hemoglobin & white blood cells. A cross
sectional study conducted during the period from October to December
2012, in which 59 policemen trainee were randomly selected with another
30 medical students as control. The maximum inspiratory and expiratory
pressure (MIP&MEP) were found to be significantly higher in police
trainee MIP 106.9+28.17 cmH2O (P=0.005) and MEP 137.51+ 31.68 cmH2O
(P=0.000) compared to control MIP 88.13+30.96 cmH2o and MEP 103.57+ 29.9
cmH2O. There was significant increase in Hb value, the mean of Hb in
policemen was 14.5g/dl compared to control group 13.7g/dl.
Another study done by Segizbaeva MO et al. [11]
on the effect of inspiratory muscle training on resistance to fatigue
of respiratory muscles during exhaustive exercise. Daily inspiratory
muscle strength training was performed for 3 weeks in 10 male subjects
.the study found that inspiratory muscle training results in a
significant increase in MIP (+18%) [11].
A study done by Branch Rasht, Islamic Azad University 2011 on the
effect of one period of training on hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBCs of
athlete girls. In which13 athlete girls were selected none randomly for 8
weeks of training .They found that there was significant decrease in HB
after the period of training (P=0.045) [12].
Some of the studies suggest that in endurance- trained athletes
hematological parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration,
and red blood cell (RBC) count are reduced, mainly due to
exercise-induced plasma volume expansion, which sets in within a few
days of exercise training [13].
One of the studies suggests that the physical training itself has no
significant effect on hematological variables in athletes compared with
controls. The specific type of duration of training is of major
importance in adaptation of the RBC system and the iron metabolism [14].
Some of the studies performed to assess the influence
of duration of training on hematological parameters among runners and
compared them with age- and sex-matched controls group. They found that
there is an increase in the counts of RBC and hemoglobin concentration
in the runners compared to controls group [15-18].
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of police training
during confinement period on respiratory muscle power, blood pressure,
pulse and hemoglobin.
Methods
A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted
during July to September 2017 in the faculty of police sciences and law,
Soba, Khartoum state, Sudan. Study population included 81 newly
recruited subjects. The subjects were healthy with no symptoms of
present illness aged between 20_30 years. Any subject with a history of
cardiorespiratory diseases & acute respiratory infection were
excluded from the study. The students were informed by consent to get
sociodemographic data. Their weight was recorded without shoes on a
weighing scale. Pulse was counted & blood pressure measured in a
sitting position with a sphygmomanometer. Respiratory muscle power was
measured by respiratory pressure meter (RPM), in measuring the maximum
expiratory pressure (MEP) the subject was asked to inhale to the total
lung capacity (TLC) & then exhale with as much effort as possible
through the controlled leak of the meter for at least 3 seconds. The
reading displayed was the maximum average expiratory pressure over 1
second. While the maximum inspiratory effort (MIP) was conducted by
having the subjects expire to a residual volume (RV) & then perform a
maximum inspiratory maneuver. The reading displayed was the maximum
average inspiratory pressure over one second. Blood sample was collected
into a container tube containing K3_EDTA (anticoagulant), and HB was
measured using sysmex KX-21 automated hematology.
Results
The average age of the studied subjects was 25.5. The
mean weight of participants was 85+ 7 Kg before training and 75+7 Kg
after confinement period. The mean length of the participant was 180 +9
cm before and after confinement period. Our study found that the
respiratory muscle powers measured by MIP & MEP were significantly
increased after the confinement period (Table 1 & Figure 1).
There was significant change in mean blood hemoglobin level before
& after confinement as the meanHB level was found to be 11.75 g/dl
before confinement period compared to 11.88 g/dl after i. There was no
change in pulse & blood pressure. After the end of confinement
period (The systolic mean pressure =117.4 mmHg) (diastolic mean pressure
= 80.74mmHg) (pulse mean=84.74 beat/min).
Discussion
This study showed that the mean value of respiratory
muscle power (MIP & MEP) were significantly higher after the end of
confinement period MIP (p=0.001) & MEP (P=0.02) these finding did
not differ much from the previous studies. A study done by Kamal et al. [10] and Segizbaeva et al. [11].
Our study showed that there was increase in hemoglobin level after the
end of confinement period could be due to good nutritional status, or
exercise induced hemo concentration as a result of fluid transfer from
the blood to interstitial space. This differ from a previous study done
by Islamic Azad University 2011 [12]
suggested aerobic training decrease HB, HTC and RBCs in athlete. In our
study there was no change in systolic & diastolic blood pressure
after the end of confinement period. This differed from a study done by
Kamal et al. [10] they found significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (P=0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.007) in policemen.
Conclusion
Physical training and exercise during the confinement
period improved the pulmonary function and respiratory muscle power in
police trainees after 40 days of training.
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