JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-Current Research in Diabetes & Obesity Journal
Obesity as a Complex Chronic Disease
Authored by Antonio Jesús Sánchez
Oliver,*
Obesity is a chronic disease of
multifactorial origin, with a high prevalence worldwide that is associated with
potentially serious complications and that requires a multidisciplinary
approach. Due to its high clinical impact and high health cost. Obesity is a
global health problem, being considered one of the most serious and prevalent
non communicable diseases of the 21st century. The aim of this review is to
present the current approaches to the physiopathology of obesity, with adipose
tissue as its focus. We argue that a thorough understanding of the alterations
that occur in the adipose tissue in situations of obesity can provide a strong
basis upon which building prevention and treatment strategies. Obesity is one
of the greatest challenges that current societies face. Its prevalence and
serious consequences led to label it as the “21st century pandemic” in 2004;
coining the term “globosity” in 2010 in view of the alarming reality and the
perspective of no improvement in the short term [1,2].
The primary difficulty to tackle this
situation starts on how is defined. In 1997, the WHO defined it as an excess of
fat accumulation that harms health [3]. This conceptualization constitutes the
first challenge addressing obesity, since it does not establish the extent of
fat accumulation that becomes harmful–while we recognize that this is a very
complicated variable to be quantified. In 2003, Cummings and Schwartz
introduced the concept of genetic and environmental load that accompanies this
pathology and define it as an oligogenic disease, whose expression can be
modulated by numerous modifying genes that interact with each other and, also,
with environmental factors [4]. Recently, Pasco & Montero [5] went further
and defined obesity as a systemic, multiorganic, metabolic and chronic
inflammatory disease, multi determined by the interrelation between the genomic
and environmental factors, and phenotypically expressed by an excess of body
fat (in relation to the organism that houses it), which entails a greater risk
of morbidity and mortality. In comparison to the previous ones, this last
definition takes greater consideration of the clinical aspects of the diseases,
while also taking into account the anthropometric indicators of risk.
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